The relationship between Census and Human Development.

 

Meaning of Census:

it includes the total process of collecting, compiling, analyzing, evaluating, publishing and disseminating statistical data regarding the population and housing and their geographical location. Population characteristics include demographic, social and economic data and are provided as of a particular date (reference period).

Census is important because it lies in its being an integrated picture of society in a given time within numerous, multiple and continuous changes, which cannot be defined through other data collecting methods. The census provides a suitable database for comparisons and projections of demographic data as well as social and economic characteristics of society.

Meaning of Human Development:

 is the process of enlarging people’s freedoms and opportunities and improving their well-being. It is about the real freedom ordinary people have to decide who to be, what to do, and how to live. It is the capacity of a state to increase its human resource with the aim of achieving higher outcome of production for the satisfaction of the basic needs of majority of its citizens and empowering them to make demands on the government.

There are various factors that can be considered as determining human development which are social infrastructure, industrialization, population density, economic growth, government expenditure, and inequality in income distribution.

Census and Human Development are to be related according to their benefits and uses in the society that are;

Development planning purposes:

The census provides essential data pertaining to demographic, social and economic characteristics of the population and housing which can be used for planning at all levels and lead to human development by planning how to utilize the available resources according to the number of the people to the location.

Estimation of levels and variations in population and housing characteristics:

The census data identifies summary levels and standards as well as changes in the demographic and dwellings characteristics, the availability of basic necessities, neglected areas, and other National priorities, help the government and all users of this data to make plan on human development.

Estimating sources of labor force:

The census is considered to be the main source of information related to the size of labor force and its characteristics, as well as other aspects related to the education and training, both present and expected levels, and national policies needed in this field. So, according to those information obtained will help in Human development because there will be known the real number of skilled and unskilled labour and lead to the improvement to those unskilled labor.

Identifying the role of women and their economic and social standing:

 Recent decades witnessed an increasing attention to the role of women in society. This matter has become a central issue. Governments all over the world are interested in collecting statistics on women for designing programs and identifying policies needed for improving and up grading their role, as well as their social and economic standing in the society.

Learning about special population groups:

There is an increasing concern in regard to specific population groups e.g. children, youth, elderly persons, disabled… etc. Indicators about these groups help in designing programs and policies which serve their interests. Example by proving basic needs like food, shelters and clothes and other human wants.

Use for research purposes:

Population and housing census data provide a rich source of information for carrying out demographic, social and economic surveys. This improves the human development example by building schools, hospital etc to those places that have no hat important services to the society.

Use for economic purposes: Economic decision-making relies on scientific facts and the Census provides facts and actual data.

Census data will identify a comprehensive frame for all active:

Establishments, and a base for an economic census/survey which will follow the census e.g. annual economic surveys associated with the national accounts estimates also it is important to make human development by the government.

Therefore, census and human development are related widely and it look to be applied at the same time in the society. Also census information are helpful in human development because it provides basic data for all sectors in the country (education, health, population, etc.) with a view to contributing to the formulation, monitoring and evaluation of plans related to the provision of services needed by the Tanzania society.

 

Communication problems and mistakes people makes.

 

Communication problems and mistakes people makes.

Not truly listening.

When are communicating with someone, we are often are not committing our full attention. We might be looking at our phones, watching television, or even daydreaming about something else. To avoid communication mishaps, it is about to give the speakers 100% of our attention. Effective listening skills include making eye contact, asking clarifying questions, and remaining engaged.

 Assuming you know the message before the person finishes.

We have all done it. We are listening to a friend speak, and we already assume we know what is going to be said before they finish their sentences. When we assume we know what the person will say, we miss what is actually being said. Honer the speaker by remaining openly curious and listening intently for the message rather than predicting what will be said.

Interrupting the speaker. 

We’ve probably all interrupting can make a person feel invalidated, as if what they have to say is unimportant. Have respect for the other person and allow them to finish the massage entirely before you respond.

Letting you emotion dictate your response.

When we react emotionally, we are likely to say things we don’t mean. A good communicator allows emotions to it for a while and then choose to carefully respond rather than react.

 Failing to account for cultural differences in communication.

 Cross-cultural communication can be difficult.  Words can take on different meaning, and cultural norms surrounding nonverbal communication may vary. When communicating with people from other cultural backgrounds, it’s important to account for cultural differences in communication style. If we don’t, we may accidentally offend or miscommunicate with someone.

Misinterpreting the message.

We may misinterpret others more often than we think. To avoid this, it is better to give the person our full attention and paraphrase the message back to the speaker to ensure we have understood correctly.

Being indirect.

Being subtle and or indirect communication is usually ineffective. We cant expect other people to read our minds. If you want someone to understand yo, try to understand you, try being direct and try not to beat around the bush in conversation.

Avoiding difficult conversations.

When faced with the possibility of a difficult conversation, many people choose to avoid or prolong the conversation as long as possible. People usually perceive a conversation as difficult when they are faced with telling someone something that person doesn’t want to hear. It might be delivering bad news or beginning up a conflict of interest.

 

 

Steps involved in designing and developing marketing information.

 

               

                                                                              

Marketing information system(MIS)

is a continuing and interacting structure of people, equipment and procedures, to gather, sort, analyze, evaluate, and distribute pertinent, timely and accurate information for use by marketing decision make us to improve their marketing planning, implementation, and control .Marketing  information system is a management information system designed to support marketing decision making, information systems have to be designed to meet the way In which managers tend to work .Jobber (2007) defines marketing information system  as a system  in which marketing data is formally gathered, stored, analyzed and distributed to managers in accordance with their informational needs  on a regular basis.

 The following are the steps involved in designing and developing marketing information system;

Determine what metrics to include in your marketing information system;

this is said to be very important step in creating marketing information system, marketing metrics are what marketers use to monitor, record and measure progress over time metrics are used to measure progress towards short and long-term goals and objectives. Every area of the business has specific metrics to monitor for example Finance team track revenue metrics like customer acquisition cost. Marketing metrics are important in information system because it helps to get data to support decision made and budget allocation.

Gather relevant data;

 it is a process of collecting data for business use, these data come from two sources which are internal sources and external sources where by internal sources involves sales records, accounting figures, website analytics and other data comes from external sources like customers, competitor results, economic metrics and so on, these data are collected through different ways like surveys, online tracking, observation and others.

Plot data (Graph the data);

by plotting data in a systematic way  will help to bring clear information of data to the customers, as it is very difficult to make decision based on raw data because sometimes it shows invisible patterns that may indicate wrong  appropriate. Therefore plotting data help to allow managers to quickly make changes in critical metrics over time also plotting data makes the job easier. So visualization  of data is very important in marketing information system.

Communicate results;

 in this step, not everysone will understand tables of raw data or even visualizations interpretation is required step by step to make people understand their business trend is  whether they are making profits and rise or they are making  loss, so as they can find a solution on how to improve their business, so the results should be spoken so as each one can understand the level he or she is.

Make marketing decision;

this is among the final steps of making information system

 

Models of e - commerce and Importance of e-commerce to small and medium enterprises (SME’s) in developing countries.

 

INTRODUCTION.

1:   E commerce: Refer to buying and selling of products over the web.  However any transaction that is completed through electronic is also considered to be e commerce .The following are the depths with example of available models of e commerce are mentioned and explained bellow as follows

              Businesses to business model. 

This is the practice of selling online from one business to another with the aim of making profit whereby one business sells its products to an intermediate buyer who then sells the product to the final customer. As an example, a whole seller places an order from a company’s website and after receiving the consignment, sells the end product to the final customer who comes to buy the product at one of its retail outlet.

              Business to consumers: 

Through this model one business sell its product direct to a customer. A customer can view the products shown on the website. The customer can choose a product and order the same. The website will then send a notification to the business organization via email and the organization will dispatch the product or goods to the customer. Through e commerce it is easy for business to target specific consumers online because business is able to put their products online allowing the consumers to purchase the product in the comfort of their own home

              Consumers to consumers: 

Through this model a website helps consumers to sell their assets like residential property, cars, motorcycles, etc, or rent a room by publishing their information on the website. Website may or may not charge the consumer for its services. Another consumer may opt to buy the product of the first customer by viewing the post or advertisement on the website. consumer is the one who pays to consume the goods and services produced this is because consumers is the main source of demand for all the goods produced because the producer of agriculture products are all producing various items according to the demand in the market this business model which third part companies facilitate transaction for product or service between private consumer without a business.

 

             Consumer to Business:

In this model, a consumer approaches a website showing multiple business organizations for a particular service. The consumer places an estimate of amount he/she wants to spend for a particular service. For example, the comparison of interest rates of personal loan/car loan provided by various banks via websites. A business organization who fulfills the consumer’s requirement within the specified budget, approaches the customer and provides its services.

 

               Business to Government. 

This model is variant of B2B model. Such websites are used by governments to trade and exchange information with various business organizations. Such websites are accredited by the government and provide a medium to businesses to submit application forms to the government.

 

               Government to Business:

Governments use B2B model website to approach business organizations. Such website supports auctions, tenders, and application submission functionalities.

              Government to Citizen: 

Government use this model website to approach citizen in general. Such websites support auctions of vehicles, machinery, or any other material. Such website also provides services like registration for birth, marriage or death certificates. The main objective of G2C website is to reduce the average time for fulfilling citizen’s requests for various government services.

2 .Importance of e commerce to small and medium enterprise in developing countries

        E-commerce has the ability to play an instrumental role in helping developing economies benefit more from trade. Unlike the requirements necessary to run a business from a physical building, e-commerce does not require storage space, insurance, or infrastructure investment

·         Enabling supply chain activities

such as inventory management, order processing and fulfillment, and communication with multiple stakeholders.

·         Controlling business cost .

The business through the use of e-commerce is then able to reduce cost of an organization. The cost of creating, distribution and retrieving paper based on information.

·         Expand market

One of major advantages of doing business online is ability of the producer to reach a large market of potential consumers who are no longer bound by the constraints of physical location and time.

·         Value creation

This refer to the value created for all participating parties in e-commerce this is usually made up of the customers supply and firm as regards product and services.

·         Production gain and system efficiencies

In this e-commerce help to improving business process there by attracting new customers to the organization and also offering automated work processes and enabling adequate system efficiencies and inter firms.

 

OFFICE MECHANISATION

 

 

OFFICE  MECHANISATION

 means the replacement of manual labor by office machines. Also, it can be defined as the process of introducing machines and equipment in an office with a view to increase efficiency and quality of office operations.

There are so many various mechanical devices commonly used in modern office such as the following  Type writers, photocopying machines, Accounting  and Tabulating machines, Communication machines, Office computer, Addressing  and Mailing machines etc.

             Starting  with Calculating machines. This device is used in the office to perform the task like Adding supplying, multiplying, subtracting and dividing  groups of figures. Example, consider Pocket, printing calculators and standard calculators.

             Office computer.  This device is  an electronic  that can accept data and process it in order to produce the required information or an output. It is very important in an office and in the business world. Computer  may be applied in different areas such as  word processing, desktop publishing payroll system, invoicing data management and banking.

             Laminating devices. Also this device in the office has the purpose  of providing protective cover for document like certificate and other important document  to prevent tearing and other form of destruction. Or  A laminator or laminating machine can help keep those documents or photos safe and protected for years of use. The best known uses for lamination are ID cards and Restaurants menus. How ever, whenever you have flat material yo need to protect, enhance or reuse, then lamination can be the way to go.

             Printer. This device or machine should be connected to an computer which allows users to print text, graphics pictures etc on papers. Also not only must be connected to computer but also is a piece of hardware for a computer that can work with digital to print directly  with out the use of computer.

           Scanner. This is a device used  in an office to perform the task of capturing image and document for computer display, like scans image, printed text, handwriting or an object and convert it to a digital image.

          Cash register. This mechanical device is most used in business that usually has a money drawer and is designed to record sales transaction. Also it is used in shops that has a drawer, for money and totals, displays and records the amount of each sale.

           Coin  counting machine. The device  that replacing manual effort used for counting process or deals with the process of bulk coins quickly and efficiency.

          Scissors. This device also is termed as mechanical device used in office for the purpose of cutting instrument or materials for paper cloth that consisting of two blades each having a ring shaped handle that are so pivoted together.

         Automatic Teller Machine (ATM). This mechanical device perform the following function. Money withdrawals, Cash withdrawal is the primary function people use the ATM for. Although it is not the only function, most people see ATM as a money dispenser only. Only few appropriate the other uses of the machine. Not only that but also ATM is used as Cash deposits, similarly but not all ATM allow deposits to be made to both checking and savings accounts. These deposits functions sometimes require cash or checks envelopes, although many ATM allow you to deposit with out the use of envelopes. Also ATM is used as Balance inquiries. Another common functions of the ATM is the ability to check account balance, for savings or checking and to print out that balance for future reference.

         Photocopier machine. This mechanical device also i9s used in modern office where by its main function is to produce paper copies of a document. Most photocopiers use laser technology, a dry process that uses electrostatic charges on a light-sensitive photoreceptor to transfer toner onto paper to form an image.

 

Qn 2. The following are the reason of mechanizing offices.

           In order to increase speed and to save time. Among the reason for mechanizing offices is increase the speed of performing work that leads to save time. This also is because they have more speed on performing tasks example we use calculator instead of using human brain to calculate  where by such employee can take much time to perform but when we use machines speed will be increased and not takes more time.

            For the purpose of reducing operation cost.  Because it save manual efforts, they used as labor saving devices at the office. Office mechanization reduce cost in an office because instead of human to perform office tasks and to be paid, such devices save those salaries to employees need to be paid. Also office machine saves manual effort and increase productivity and thus lead to overall reduction in operation costs.

            It have Higher efficiency. This is due to he use of office machines the speed of work is greatly increased than the use of human effort. Example when machines  like Computer is used at the office to perform different operations like arithmetic calculation, prepare diagrams and chats analysing data and store data for future use. The results of using machines  in an office is higher efficiency and saves time.

            In order to reduce chance of fraud. Office mechanization also help to reduce chance of fraud at the office for example the use of  Cash register which are used where there is a large payment for the purchases as in a big retail stores like Supermarket deals with the issue of receipts to customer, that is how mechanization reduce chance of fraud.

            It have Great accuracy. Also mechanization ensures accuracy of office work. It help to prevent clerical errors , example when typing at Computer, the computer will detect errors and let to correct it or those words which are wrong typed and helps to check documents, also mechanization makes the work to be clean, clear and uniform in appearance.

            Effective  control.  The introductions of office mechanization enable the management to exercise more effective control over the office activities. Example the use of Time recorder at the factory gate ensure better control over attendance, help to know which employees are absence and which are present and which time are reporting at the office.

             Not only that but also for Better quality of work.  Whereby  office mechanization make the work at the office to be with better quality. The  machine  durable and lost lasting.