Models of e - commerce and Importance of e-commerce to small and medium enterprises (SME’s) in developing countries.

 

INTRODUCTION.

1:   E commerce: Refer to buying and selling of products over the web.  However any transaction that is completed through electronic is also considered to be e commerce .The following are the depths with example of available models of e commerce are mentioned and explained bellow as follows

              Businesses to business model. 

This is the practice of selling online from one business to another with the aim of making profit whereby one business sells its products to an intermediate buyer who then sells the product to the final customer. As an example, a whole seller places an order from a company’s website and after receiving the consignment, sells the end product to the final customer who comes to buy the product at one of its retail outlet.

              Business to consumers: 

Through this model one business sell its product direct to a customer. A customer can view the products shown on the website. The customer can choose a product and order the same. The website will then send a notification to the business organization via email and the organization will dispatch the product or goods to the customer. Through e commerce it is easy for business to target specific consumers online because business is able to put their products online allowing the consumers to purchase the product in the comfort of their own home

              Consumers to consumers: 

Through this model a website helps consumers to sell their assets like residential property, cars, motorcycles, etc, or rent a room by publishing their information on the website. Website may or may not charge the consumer for its services. Another consumer may opt to buy the product of the first customer by viewing the post or advertisement on the website. consumer is the one who pays to consume the goods and services produced this is because consumers is the main source of demand for all the goods produced because the producer of agriculture products are all producing various items according to the demand in the market this business model which third part companies facilitate transaction for product or service between private consumer without a business.

 

             Consumer to Business:

In this model, a consumer approaches a website showing multiple business organizations for a particular service. The consumer places an estimate of amount he/she wants to spend for a particular service. For example, the comparison of interest rates of personal loan/car loan provided by various banks via websites. A business organization who fulfills the consumer’s requirement within the specified budget, approaches the customer and provides its services.

 

               Business to Government. 

This model is variant of B2B model. Such websites are used by governments to trade and exchange information with various business organizations. Such websites are accredited by the government and provide a medium to businesses to submit application forms to the government.

 

               Government to Business:

Governments use B2B model website to approach business organizations. Such website supports auctions, tenders, and application submission functionalities.

              Government to Citizen: 

Government use this model website to approach citizen in general. Such websites support auctions of vehicles, machinery, or any other material. Such website also provides services like registration for birth, marriage or death certificates. The main objective of G2C website is to reduce the average time for fulfilling citizen’s requests for various government services.

2 .Importance of e commerce to small and medium enterprise in developing countries

        E-commerce has the ability to play an instrumental role in helping developing economies benefit more from trade. Unlike the requirements necessary to run a business from a physical building, e-commerce does not require storage space, insurance, or infrastructure investment

·         Enabling supply chain activities

such as inventory management, order processing and fulfillment, and communication with multiple stakeholders.

·         Controlling business cost .

The business through the use of e-commerce is then able to reduce cost of an organization. The cost of creating, distribution and retrieving paper based on information.

·         Expand market

One of major advantages of doing business online is ability of the producer to reach a large market of potential consumers who are no longer bound by the constraints of physical location and time.

·         Value creation

This refer to the value created for all participating parties in e-commerce this is usually made up of the customers supply and firm as regards product and services.

·         Production gain and system efficiencies

In this e-commerce help to improving business process there by attracting new customers to the organization and also offering automated work processes and enabling adequate system efficiencies and inter firms.

 

OFFICE MECHANISATION

 

 

OFFICE  MECHANISATION

 means the replacement of manual labor by office machines. Also, it can be defined as the process of introducing machines and equipment in an office with a view to increase efficiency and quality of office operations.

There are so many various mechanical devices commonly used in modern office such as the following  Type writers, photocopying machines, Accounting  and Tabulating machines, Communication machines, Office computer, Addressing  and Mailing machines etc.

             Starting  with Calculating machines. This device is used in the office to perform the task like Adding supplying, multiplying, subtracting and dividing  groups of figures. Example, consider Pocket, printing calculators and standard calculators.

             Office computer.  This device is  an electronic  that can accept data and process it in order to produce the required information or an output. It is very important in an office and in the business world. Computer  may be applied in different areas such as  word processing, desktop publishing payroll system, invoicing data management and banking.

             Laminating devices. Also this device in the office has the purpose  of providing protective cover for document like certificate and other important document  to prevent tearing and other form of destruction. Or  A laminator or laminating machine can help keep those documents or photos safe and protected for years of use. The best known uses for lamination are ID cards and Restaurants menus. How ever, whenever you have flat material yo need to protect, enhance or reuse, then lamination can be the way to go.

             Printer. This device or machine should be connected to an computer which allows users to print text, graphics pictures etc on papers. Also not only must be connected to computer but also is a piece of hardware for a computer that can work with digital to print directly  with out the use of computer.

           Scanner. This is a device used  in an office to perform the task of capturing image and document for computer display, like scans image, printed text, handwriting or an object and convert it to a digital image.

          Cash register. This mechanical device is most used in business that usually has a money drawer and is designed to record sales transaction. Also it is used in shops that has a drawer, for money and totals, displays and records the amount of each sale.

           Coin  counting machine. The device  that replacing manual effort used for counting process or deals with the process of bulk coins quickly and efficiency.

          Scissors. This device also is termed as mechanical device used in office for the purpose of cutting instrument or materials for paper cloth that consisting of two blades each having a ring shaped handle that are so pivoted together.

         Automatic Teller Machine (ATM). This mechanical device perform the following function. Money withdrawals, Cash withdrawal is the primary function people use the ATM for. Although it is not the only function, most people see ATM as a money dispenser only. Only few appropriate the other uses of the machine. Not only that but also ATM is used as Cash deposits, similarly but not all ATM allow deposits to be made to both checking and savings accounts. These deposits functions sometimes require cash or checks envelopes, although many ATM allow you to deposit with out the use of envelopes. Also ATM is used as Balance inquiries. Another common functions of the ATM is the ability to check account balance, for savings or checking and to print out that balance for future reference.

         Photocopier machine. This mechanical device also i9s used in modern office where by its main function is to produce paper copies of a document. Most photocopiers use laser technology, a dry process that uses electrostatic charges on a light-sensitive photoreceptor to transfer toner onto paper to form an image.

 

Qn 2. The following are the reason of mechanizing offices.

           In order to increase speed and to save time. Among the reason for mechanizing offices is increase the speed of performing work that leads to save time. This also is because they have more speed on performing tasks example we use calculator instead of using human brain to calculate  where by such employee can take much time to perform but when we use machines speed will be increased and not takes more time.

            For the purpose of reducing operation cost.  Because it save manual efforts, they used as labor saving devices at the office. Office mechanization reduce cost in an office because instead of human to perform office tasks and to be paid, such devices save those salaries to employees need to be paid. Also office machine saves manual effort and increase productivity and thus lead to overall reduction in operation costs.

            It have Higher efficiency. This is due to he use of office machines the speed of work is greatly increased than the use of human effort. Example when machines  like Computer is used at the office to perform different operations like arithmetic calculation, prepare diagrams and chats analysing data and store data for future use. The results of using machines  in an office is higher efficiency and saves time.

            In order to reduce chance of fraud. Office mechanization also help to reduce chance of fraud at the office for example the use of  Cash register which are used where there is a large payment for the purchases as in a big retail stores like Supermarket deals with the issue of receipts to customer, that is how mechanization reduce chance of fraud.

            It have Great accuracy. Also mechanization ensures accuracy of office work. It help to prevent clerical errors , example when typing at Computer, the computer will detect errors and let to correct it or those words which are wrong typed and helps to check documents, also mechanization makes the work to be clean, clear and uniform in appearance.

            Effective  control.  The introductions of office mechanization enable the management to exercise more effective control over the office activities. Example the use of Time recorder at the factory gate ensure better control over attendance, help to know which employees are absence and which are present and which time are reporting at the office.

             Not only that but also for Better quality of work.  Whereby  office mechanization make the work at the office to be with better quality. The  machine  durable and lost lasting.

 

How innovation modernize business in developing countries like Tanzania.

 

INNOVATION

-          means the process introducing novelty in a product, service, strategy, or business model. It also increases the usability and durability of the entity above. Sometimes, it is an idea, and sometimes is a concept that helps stay ahead of the competition and induces creativity and efficiency in business. Innovation plays a key role in introducing novelty to existing product lines or process or to introduce modern technologies for automation that can help companies witness and growth.

In modern era, business leaders are focusing on factors that can help the sustain and stay relevant in the current business era. The min characteristics of innovation are effectiveness, novelty and automation which help in evoking several benefits for business like; solves complex business problems, increases productivity, bring uniqueness, and novelty to business process, gives a competitive advantage and reduces cost and increases revenue.

The following are the way on how does innovation modernize business in developing country like Tanzania. But innovation doesn’t have to be a world changing break through. It can involve simple, incremental improvements in any areas of the company.

Improve sales and customer relationships.

When failing to improve your products and services can put you at a risk of losing customers to more innovation competitors. So, through innovation you should invest time and money, and customers will note and appreciate the extra value you’re bringing them. That should translate into more sales.

Reduce waste and costs.

Innovation help to reduce waste in your business and leave you better positioned to focus on the long-term goals, lower costs, better profit margins, improved customer services and increased competitiveness can bring a host of benefits.

Boost the market position.

Innovation help to anticipate market changes more quickly and get ahead of opportunities, so business is not forced to react to shifts. It can also help you differentiate you self from the competition. So, such innovation can come from continuously analyzing market trends, listening to your customers, suppliers and advisors and studying what competitors re doing in order to spot opportunities and jump on them.

Improve employee relations.  

In the workplace, an innovative is stimulating for employees. It should reduce workplace turnover and boost productivity by cultivating pride in your products and a desire for your company to be an industry leader. That canturn, lead to still more innovation success because employees are often a company’s best source of ideas.

It helps organizations grow in complex situations.

Also, it helps organizations differentiate themselves from the rest by implementing different innovative marketing,production, and sales strategies. Ang it helps companies fight uncertainties and stay relevant in times of adversities.

Therefore, apart from the befit of innovation in modernizing business, essentially, there are three types of innovation. Radical, incremental, and disruptive. They may vary depending on the niche, market, brand essence, services, and products offered.

 

 

EACOP COMPANY

 Tuweke mpira kando tuangalie na fursa kwa vijana wetu

Kampuni ya EACOP imeanza usajili na mafunzo ya online kwa wiki 8 yatakayofwatiwa na mtihani wiki ya 9 kwa ajili ya kupata vijana 140 wenye umri kati ya miaka 18-28 watakaoshiriki katika mlolongo wa mafunzo yenye nia ya kupata wafanyakazi watakaoajiriwa wakati wa uendeshaji (operation & maintenance) wa miundombinu ya bomba la mafuta . 

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Kila hatua utatakiwa kufaulu ili kuendelea hatua inayofuata. 

Usaili na ushiriki wa mafunzo ya online unalenga kuanzia wahitimu wa kidato cha nne, cha sita vyuo vya ufundi na vyuo vikuu.

Washiriki wa kike na wale wanaotokea mikoa inayopitiwa na mradi wanahimizwa kujitokeza ili wachukue fursa hii ya kipekee 

Usajili na module ya kwanza unaanza kesho tarehe 5th June mpaka 25th June, 2023 kupitia link 

https://eacopmooc.com/

*Angalizo* Dirisha la usaili likifungwa hautapata nafasi ya kujisaili kwa hiyo wahi hii fursa sasa ivi..

Kwa maelezo zaidi pitia tovuto  https://eacop.com/mooc-tanzania/

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AINA 25 ZA BIASHARA ZA KUFANYA KWA MWAKA 2023 ZENYE FAIDA.

 AINA 25 ZA BIASHARA ZA KUFANYA KWA MWAKA 2023 ZENYE FAIDA.

         

Je! Ni hatua zipi za Kuanzisha Biashara yenye Faida?

Unaweza kupata biashara zenye faida kubwa katika sekta zote na tasnia.

Licha ya eneo ambalo unapata wito wako, unaweza kuchukua hatua zilizo chini kuweka meli.

1. Pata Wazo Bora la Biashara na Utafiti.

Kila biashara nzuri hutolewa na kazi nzuri ya ubongo. Kwa hivyo, ni afadhali kwamba uthibitishe wazo lako na ulinganishe na la washindani wako.

Inavyoonekana, hatua hii ya kwanza itasaidia kuzingatia uwezekano wa kifedha wa biashara kabla ya kuingia kwa undani.

2. Fanya Mpango wako na Uufanye Rasmi

Baada ya kuwa na hakika ni aina gani ya biashara unayotaka kuanzisha, basi unaweza kufanya mpango wako wa biashara rasmi.

Haya ndio mambo machache unayopaswa kufanya ili kuifanya biashara yako rasmi; omba EIN, isajili, na uchague muundo wake.

3 .Chanzo cha Fedha Zinazofaa

Msingi wa kila biashara yenye faida ni mtaji wa kuikuza. Kwa hivyo, ni muhimu kuanza hatua za kwanza na kadi ya mkopo ya biashara.

BIASHARA 25 NDOGO ZENYE FAIDA

1. Usimamizi wa Media Jamii

Kuzaliwa katika enzi wakati teknolojia inaathiri vitu vingi ndio sababu unapaswa kufikiria kukuza biashara karibu na niche ya usimamizi wa media ya kijamii.

Hii inakusaidia kuwapa wateja wako uwepo wa mtandaoni.

Kwa hivyo, ikiwa unajishughulisha sana na vipini vyako vyote vya media ya kijamii, ni fursa kwako kufurahi wakati unazigeuza kuwa biashara yako ndogo yenye faida.

2 . Mwandishi wa Uuzaji

Ikiwa wewe ni mtu anayeweza kucheza na maneno, unaweza kubadilisha talanta yako hiyo kuwa nakala za uuzaji kwa mashirika kadhaa ili kuongeza nguvu zao za uuzaji.

Njia yoyote unayochagua kwa hii, unaona kuwa wazo hili la biashara ndogo ni faida sana.

3.  Ubunifu wa Picha

Tunapoendelea kutumia teknolojia, kuna haja ya chapa kupata picha nzuri ili kuzionyesha kwa hadhira yao.

Kwa hivyo, utaalam wako katika Photoshop, Illustrator, na zana za kubuni zitacheza ikiwa utaipongeza kwa kuwa na jicho la chapa bora.

Kwa kuunda michoro bora, unaweza kuwazidi wamiliki wa biashara ndogo ndogo.

4. Mafunzo ya Kibinafsi

Mara nyingi, umepuuza ukweli kwamba unaweza kugeuza burudani yako kuwa biashara yenye faida.

Kwa kuonyesha upendo wako kwa usawa, lazima usifanye kazi kama mkufunzi wa mazoezi ili kudhibitisha hoja.

Unaweza kuchukua vikao vya mafunzo ya kibinafsi na wateja wako ama kwenye nyumba zao au vituo vya jamii. Kwa hivyo, kwa kuwasaidia kukaa sawa, unafanya biashara yako kuwa ya faida.

5 .Usaidizi wa IT

Kuwa mtu wa msaada wa IT, utasaidia watu kutatua maswala yanayohusiana na kompyuta ambayo wanaweza kukutana kwenye kompyuta zao.

Uzalishaji wako katika biashara hii ndogo unategemea upatikanaji wa uhamaji na maarifa ya kiufundi.

6. Kukarabati Kiotomatiki

Ujuzi wako katika huduma ya ukarabati wa gari inaweza kuwa wazo nzuri la biashara ikiwa utaipokea.

Unahitaji zana chache kuanzisha biashara hii ambapo unaweza kusaidia watu kufanya: swap za betri, ukarabati wa taa, kujaza maji, n.k.

7. Huduma za Kuosha Magari

Hili ni mojawapo ya mawazo ya biashara yenye faida zaidi unayoweza kufanya kazi. Watu wangependelea kulipa pesa nyingi kwa kuosha magari ya rununu badala ya kulipa sawa wakati inabidi waendeshe magari yao hadi sehemu ya kuosha magari.

Kuwa muosha magari kwa njia ya simu hukupa fursa ya kuepuka gharama ya kuanzia ya kumiliki mahali. Hata hivyo, kuna wingi wa washers wa magari mtandaoni ambao wanaweza kukuongoza kupitia niche hiyo.

8.Huduma za Upishi

Ikiwa unajua ustadi wako wa upishi ni wa hali ya juu, unaweza kutoa kupika kwa watu binafsi au familia ambazo zinakaa karibu na wewe lakini zina shughuli nyingi kutengeneza chakula chao.

Unaweza kupata pesa nzuri kutoka kwa biashara hii yenye faida.

9 .Huduma ya Tafsiri

Utafiti unaonyesha wakati wa kupumzika katika tasnia ya huduma ya tafsiri katika mwaka uliopita. Katika 2022 hata hivyo, inakadiriwa kurudi nyuma.

Kama vile teknolojia imewaletea wafanyabiashara wa kigeni kwenye masoko yanayozungumza Kiingereza, hali hiyo pia inatoa huduma mahususi katika kutafsiri hati na maelezo ya tovuti.

Kwa hivyo, kujiweka msingi katika huduma kungechanua kama wazo la faida la biashara.

10. Huduma ya Nyumbani

Kujua mapema katika kutoa huduma ya ukarimu kunaweza kukusaidia kuanzisha biashara ya kuwatunza wazee.

utafiti kulingana na Taasisi ya Kitaifa ya Kuzeeka unaonyesha kuwa ongezeko la idadi ya watu kwa kati ya miaka 85 na zaidi litaongezeka kwa 351% kutoka 2010 hadi 2050.

Kwa hivyo, unaweza kujifanya upatikane kwa wazee hawa kuwasaidia kwa safari na ukarabati karibu na nyumba zao.

11 .Upandaji wa Dereva

Kuanzisha biashara kuna ugumu wake, hata hivyo, unaweza kuwa dereva wa rideshare ikiwa una gari.

Kuwa dereva wa rideshare hukupa uhuru wa kuwa mmiliki wa biashara bila kukusumbua na jinsi ya kudhibiti uratibu.

12. Usafirishaji wa Matone 

Hapa, unaweza kuwasiliana na wavuti ya e-commerce au muuzaji wa jumla kupata maagizo yako na kisha kuagiza bidhaa.

Ingawa hii inaweza kuchukua muda mwingi kukomaa kuwa kitu dhahiri, inahitaji kujitolea kwako pia.

13. Ushauri

Ikiwa wewe ni mkubwa katika biashara, media ya kijamii, uuzaji, majukumu ya uongozi, na mawasiliano, unaweza kuanzisha biashara ya ushauri kwani ndio biashara yenye faida zaidi unayoweza kumiliki.

Wakati inakua, unaweza kuchagua kuajiri washauri wengine kukusaidia katika uendeshaji mzuri wa biashara ndogo yenye faida.

14 . Kufundisha Mkondoni

Gonjwa hilo lilianzisha mambo mengi ambayo hatukuwahi kufikiria kuwa yanawezekana hapo awali.

Kwa hivyo mahitaji ya elimu mkondoni yanapoongezeka, unaweza kuanzisha biashara yako mwenyewe kwa kuchagua eneo lako bora zaidi na kuwafundisha watu bila hofu ya maeneo.

 

Pia, unaweza kufikiria kufundisha lugha ya Kiingereza kwa wanafunzi ambao wako nje ya elimu nå ndani ya elimu.

15 . Huduma za Courier

Ingawa hii inaweza kuonekana inafaa kwako kama mtu anayejitegemea, inaweza kuwa ngumu kupata kandarasi zenye faida kubwa kutoka kwa kampuni za usafirishaji.

Walakini, kuanzisha biashara hii ndogo yenye faida hakutaleta utunzaji mwingi.

16 .Huduma za Usafi

Hii ni biashara nyingine yenye faida unaweza kuanza kwa njia ndogo. Wote unahitaji kuanza ni kusafisha utupu, kusafisha sakafu ya polishi, na labda, gari.

Kwa mtaji mdogo na mafunzo kidogo, unaweza kutoa huduma bora kufanya kazi ya mchungaji.

17. Uhifadhi wa Ghala

Hakuna sababu kwa nini unapaswa kuweka nyumba hiyo tupu inapotea wakati unaweza kuitumia kwa huduma za uhifadhi wa ghala.

Unaweza kuruhusu biashara na watu binafsi kuhifadhi bidhaa zao na kukupa faida za kupendeza sana.

Pia kumbuka kuwa, biashara hii ndogo sio ya kila mtu.

18. bustani

Watu wengi wanapenda kuona bustani zao kila wakati zikicheka na kwa hivyo, haitakuwa ngumu kwako kuingia kwenye biashara hii.

Ukiwa na zana chache, unaweza kuanza.

19 .mratibu

Mtazamo wako kuelekea shirika unaweza kukuletea kiasi kizuri cha pesa hasa unaposaidia watu kuondokana na mambo ambayo hawahitaji.

Kwa njia hii, watu watakulipa sana kwa kuwasaidia kuunda nafasi inayowafanya wawe raha. Pia, unaweza kukuza biashara hii ikiwa utaunda wasifu wa media ya kijamii kwa hiyo.

20. Uuzaji wa Dijitali

Biashara hii inaendelea kustawi kwa sababu ni kijani kibichi kila wakati. Unaweza pia kupata faida kutokana na kuwa muuzaji mshirika.

21. Wakala wa Mali isiyohamishika

Wakati unawasaidia watu kupata nyumba ambazo zinafaa kwenye bajeti yao, unajitajirisha.

Ikiwa wewe sio mtu wa watu, huenda usifanikiwe katika biashara hii.

22 .Programu za rununu na Burudani kwa watoto

Ikiwa una kivutio kwa kizazi kipya na unapenda teknolojia pia, unaweza kuchukua hatua ya kuunda programu ya elimu ambayo itaboresha elimu yao.

Nenda kwa undani na wazo la biashara na uangalie inachanua kuwa faida.

23 .Kukodisha Likizo

Ikiwa unakaa mahali ambapo watalii wengi huja kupumzika tena, unaweza kuanzisha biashara yenye faida kwa kukodisha nafasi nyumbani kwako kwa watalii kwa sababu ya makao wakati wa kukaa kwao.

 24. Uhasibu na Uwekaji hesabu

Usimamizi wa pesa ni sehemu ngumu ya umiliki wa biashara. Kwa hivyo, unaweza kupanua mkono wako wa ushirika kusaidia wamiliki wengine wa biashara kuweka rekodi ya fedha zao.

Unaweza kusindika ankara na orodha ya malipo katika utunzaji wa vitabu. Ikiwa una leseni, basi utakuwa na faida kubwa ambapo utawasaidia wamiliki wa biashara kutoa karatasi za usawa na kutoa mapendekezo ya kitaalam.

25 . Huduma za Msaidizi wa Mtandao

Kama msaidizi pepe, unaweza kuwasaidia wateja wako kuunda ratiba katika kudhibiti barua pepe zao, mikutano husafiri na kuendesha shughuli zao kwa njia bora zaidi.

Wote unahitaji kuanzisha biashara hii yenye faida ni kompyuta ndogo na unganisho la mtandao.

Philanthropist